Cocaine

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug that is derived from the coca plant, native to South America. The use of coca leaves dates back to ancient Inca civilisations, who chewed them for their stimulant effects. The isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was first achieved in the 19th century, and it was initially used for medical purposes such as local anaesthetics. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, cocaine became a popular ingredient in various products, including the original formulation of Coca-Cola. However, its potential for abuse and addiction led to regulations restricting its use, eventually leading to its classification as an illegal substance in many parts of the world.1; 2

Cocaine produces intense short-term euphoria and can make users feel more energetic. However, these effects are short-lived, and usage can lead to severe negative consequences. The drug works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, thus producing its characteristic ‘high’.3

Physiological effects of cocaine use can include increased heart rate and blood pressure, dilated pupils, and elevated body temperature. Long-term or high-dose use can lead to more severe health consequences like cardiovascular issues, respiratory effects, and neurological problems, including strokes 4; 5 

Psychological effects can include paranoia, hallucinations, and irritability. Cocaine is also highly addictive due to its impact on the brain’s reward pathway, leading to a cycle of dependency and abuse.1

Appearance

Cocaine typically appears as a fine, white, crystalline powder. It’s important to note that the substance is often adulterated with fillers like cornflour or talcum powder, which can alter its appearance.1

Tastе

The taste of cocaine is generally bitter and has a numbing effect, attributed to its anaesthetic properties. 5

Smell

Pure cocaine is odourless. However, because it is often cut with various adulterants and impurities, it may have different smells depending on what substances have been added.4

The dosage of cocaine can vary widely depending on factors like purity and individual tolerance. It’s crucial to note that cocaine is an illegal and dangerous substance, and any use can lead to severe health risks, including overdose.

• Minimum to Feel Something (mg): The minimum effective dose to feel the stimulant effects of cocaine can be as low as 5-10mg, though this is highly variable and depends on individual sensitivity.1
• Low Dose: A low dose of cocaine is typically in the range of 10-30mg. At this level, users may experience increased alertness and energy.4
• Common Dose: A common dose for recreational users ranges from 50-75mg. This dosage often results in heightened sensations of euphoria and increased energy.5
• High Dose: A high dose of cocaine could be upwards of 100mg or more. At this level, the risk of negative physiological and psychological effects, including overdose, increases substantially. 4

Notes on What May Happen When Exceeding the High Dose

Exceeding high doses of cocaine can lead to severe negative outcomes, including cardiac arrest, seizures, and sudden death. Overdose symptoms may include extreme agitation, panic, hallucinations, and elevated body temperature.1

Users report feeling euphoric, energetic, and more alert. Enhanced confidence and a decreased need for sleep are also commonly reported.4

Stimulant effects strain the cardiovascular system, causing increased heart rate and blood pressure. Chronic use can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and seizures.

The onset of effects varies by the method of administration. When snorted, effects can begin within 1 to 5 minutes. If injected or smoked (as in crack cocaine), the effects can be almost instantaneous.5

The duration of cocaine’s effects depends on the method of consumption but generally ranges from 15 to 60 minutes. The shorter the duration, the higher the risk of a cycle of use to maintain the high, which increases the risk of overdose.1

The drug poses various risks, including cardiovascular issues like heart attack and stroke, respiratory issues, and neurological problems such as seizures. It can also lead to psychological problems like paranoia and hallucinations.4

Cocaine is highly addictive due to its impact on the dopamine system in the brain. Problematic use can develop quickly, leading to physical and psychological dependence.1

In the United Kingdom, cocaine is classified as a Class A controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.6This legal classification renders it illegal to possess, distribute, or produce the drug. Possession penalty can result in up to seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both. For trafficking offences, which include the production and distribution of cocaine, penalties can extend to life imprisonment and an unlimited fine.5;6 The stringent stance by UK authorities reflects the drug’s high potential for abuse and associated health risks.

Cocaine is particularly dangerous when mixed with other substances. For instance, combining it with alcohol produces coca ethylene, which increases the risk of immediate death.4

1. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021). DrugFacts: Cocaine. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine)
2. UNODC. Cocaine. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/drugs/en/get-the-facts/cocaine.html)
3. WebMD. Cocaine Use and Its Effects. Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cocaine/)
4. Australian Drug Foundation (ADF). (2021). Cocaine Drug Facts. Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cocaine/ )
5. Talk to Frank. Cocaine. Retrieved from https://www.talktofrank.com/drug/cocaine )
6. UK Government. (1971). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Legislation.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/contents)